[Laveran, the Pasteurian researcher]. / Laveran, le pasteurien.

At the end of his professorial mandate at the Val de Grâce hospital, Alphonse Laveran, who was Chief Doctor, was appointed to Lille and then Nantes. These assignments however deprived him of a hospital service where he could carry on his research. In 1896, faced with the inflexibility of his military hierarchy, he applied for early retirement; he was then 50 years old. Dr Roux welcomed him to the Pasteur Institute as a honorary department head, where he started a second career as a volunteer. He would spend the following 25 years there, addressing the great protozoology issues. Together with Félix Mesnil, he undertook the study of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniases. In 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine to honor "his work on the role of protozoa as pandemic vectors". He allocated a large part of his prize money to set up a parasitology laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, where all the discoveries and observations carried out in the colonies would converge. In 1908, he funded the Society of Exotic Pathology. He authored no less than 600 publications where his memorable research is recorded. Despite his somewhat outwardly rigid appearance, the man proved to be of amiable approach thanks to "the simplicity of his manners, his amenity and his great heart".

A century of the Journal of Helminthology.

The Journal of Helminthology (JHL) was first published in 1923 and was originally created as a house journal of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The JHL was devised by its first Editor, Robert Leiper, to allow for rapid publication of results from the Department of Helminthology and its offshoot the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology. From this initial narrow focus the JHL has subsequently become not only internationally recognized but also retained its original emphasis on morphological, taxonomic and life cycle studies while embracing the emergence of new fields and technological advancements. The present review covers the historical development of the JHL over the last century from 1923 to 2023.

Teaching of Veterinary Parasitology to University students in Trinidad, West Indies: are our local wildlife species neglected? / Ensino de parasitologia veterinária para estudantes universitários em Trinidad, Índias Ocidentais: nossas espécies selvagens locais são negligenciadas?

Parasites of veterinary importance have been heavily focused on domesticated livestock that was introduced into the neo-tropics. The text used in the teaching parasitology to veterinary students in Trinidad has only investigated the parasites of domesticated species. In the reviewed veterinary parasitology text no mention was made on the parasites that affect wild neo-tropical animals. Information on wild neo-tropical animals had to be sourced from texts on the management of wild life animals in the Neotropics. The texts that were reviewed in this document spanned from the mid-1950s to 2020. The information presented in this review reveals the exhaustive work done on the parasites of domesticated species but also revealed little information on neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. In conclusion, this review reveals the gap of information that is missing from parasitology texts used in the teaching of veterinary students. In the future these parasitology texts can be revised to include chapters on the parasites of neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication. At present students that graduate from the veterinary parasitology course has little information on the parasites of animals which are present in their 'backyards'.

Parasitas de importância veterinária têm se concentrado fortemente em animais domésticos que foram introduzidos na região neotrópica. O texto usado no ensino de parasitologia para estudantes de veterinária em Trinidad investigou apenas os parasitas de espécies domesticadas. No texto de parasitologia veterinária revisado, nenhuma menção foi feita sobre os parasitas que afetam os animais selvagens neotropicais. As informações sobre animais selvagens neotropicais tiveram que ser obtidas a partir de textos sobre o manejo de animais selvagens nos Neotrópicos. Os textos revisados neste documento vão de meados da década de 1950 até 2020. As informações apresentadas nesta revisão revelam o trabalho exaustivo realizado sobre os parasitas de espécies domesticadas, mas também revelaram poucas informações sobre animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Em conclusão, esta revisão revela a lacuna de informação que existe nos textos de parasitologia utilizados no ensino de estudantes de veterinária. No futuro, esses textos de parasitologia podem ser revisados para incluir capítulos sobre os parasitas de animais neotropicais com potencial para domesticação. Atualmente, os alunos que se formam no curso de parasitologia veterinária têm poucas informações sobre os parasitas de animais que estão presentes em seus "quintais".

Reinhard Hoeppli (1893-1973): The life and curious afterlife of a distinguished parasitologist.

Reinhard Hoeepli was a Swiss-German physician with a distinguished career as a researcher and historian of medical parasitology. He spent the majority of his career at the Peking Union Medical College in Beijing, China, where he undertook research on host responses to parasitic infections, in particular describing the 'Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon', between 1929 and 1952. During the Second World War, he acted as the Swiss honorary Consul in Japanese-occupied Beijing. After leaving China following the militarization of the College in the wake of the Korean War, he subsequently worked in Singapore and Liberia before retiring to Switzerland. Hoeppli is most widely known for his association with Sir Edmund Backhouse, a controversial and enigmatic Chinese scholar, who was his war-time patient towards the end of his life. With Hoeppli's encouragement, Backhouse wrote two scandalous and unpublishable memoirs which remained in Hoeppli's safe-keeping until his own death in 1973. However, the revelations by the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper in 1976 that Backhouse was a fraudster and fantasist has had a detrimental effect on Hoeppli's posthumous reputation that has overshadowed his many lifetime achievements. Alongside a biography of his life, an examination of the controversies of the Backhouse revelations on Hoeppli's repute is presented.

History of the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine: research on malaria and leishmaniasis.

This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.

History of the E.I. Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine: research on malaria and leishmaniasis / História do Instituto E.I. Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical: pesquisa sobre malária e leishmaniose

Abstract This review presents the 100-year history of the Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine in Moscow, Russia, starting with its foundation and early activities, and also describes the impact of its leading scientists, some of whom became internationally known. The institute headed a network of nine tropical institutes in the various Soviet republics from the 1920s to 1990. The extensive body of literature on the history and research accomplishments of this institute has mainly been published in Russian; our goal here is to introduce these achievements and this expertise to the international scientific and medical community, focusing on malaria and leishmaniasis and the development of measures to control and monitor these diseases in the USSR.

Resumo O artigo analisa a história centenária do Instituto Martsinovsky de Parasitologia Médica e Medicina Tropical em Moscou, Rússia, desde sua fundação e primeiras atividades, e descreve a influência de seus principais cientistas, alguns dos quais viriam a conquistar renome internacional. O instituto liderou uma rede de nove institutos tropicais em diversas repúblicas soviéticas entre as décadas de 1920 e 1990. A vasta literatura sobre o trabalho de história e pesquisa desse instituto foi publicada sobretudo em russo; nosso objetivo aqui é apresentar esse trabalho e conhecimento à comunidade médica e científica internacional, concentrando-se na malária e na leishmaniose e no avanço de medidas de controle e monitoramento dessas doenças na URSS.

[Brief review about the life and contribution of the peruvian parasitologist Cesar Gabriel Naquira Velarde]. / Breve reseña de vida y contribución del médico parasitólogo peruano César Gabriel Náquira Velarde.

Scientific institutions and their achievements are built on people and their stories. In this case, Dr. César Náquira Velarde constitutes a prominent figure in Peru's public health, to which he contributed until days before his departure at 85 years of age. Dr. Náquira actively participated in the founding of the Daniel A. Carrión Institute of Tropical Medicine of the National University of San Marcos from where - through re search and teaching - he has trained doctors and specialists in the field of parasitology and tropical medici ne. However, his greatest contribution was in the study of Chagas disease. He also served as a public official and decision maker, as he was head of the National Institute of Health of Peru and permanent technical advisor of the Ministry of Health of Peru, in the areas of his specialty. We highlight his role as a teacher for many generations of doctors and his authority as an expert in the field of medical parasitology.

Las instituciones científicas y sus logros se construyen a partir de las personas y sus historias. En este caso, el Dr. César Náquira Velarde es una personalidad destacada en la salud pública del Perú, a la que contribuyó hasta días antes de su partida a los 85 años de edad. El Dr. Náquira participó activamente en la fundación del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos desde donde −a través de la investigación y docencia− ha formado médicos y especialistas en el campo de la parasitología y medicina tropical. Sin embargo, su mayor contribución y aporte fue en el estudio de la enfermedad de Chagas. También se desempeñó como funcionario público y decisor, pues fue jefe del Instituto Nacional de Salud y permanente asesor técnico del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, en los temas de su especialidad. Destacamos su rol como maestro para muchas generaciones de médicos y su autoridad como experto en el campo de la parasitología médica.

A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools.

Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.

Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE): Its Foundations, Development, and Evolution.

The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) was established in late 2008 to conduct operational research that would inform practices related to the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. This article traces SCORE's beginnings and underpinnings. These include an emphasis on openness and contributing to the development of a cohesive schistosomiasis control community, building linkages between researchers and national programs, and focusing on answering questions that will help Neglected Tropical Disease program managers to better control and eliminate schistosomiasis. It describes the development and implementation of SCORE's multiple projects. SCORE began by drawing on advice from a broad range of experts by holding wide-ranging meetings that informed the priorities and protocols for SCORE research. SCORE's major efforts included large, multicountry field studies comparing multiple strategies for mass drug administration with praziquantel, assessment of approaches to elimination, evaluation of a point-of-care assay for field mapping Schistosoma mansoni, and increasing the sensitivity of a laboratory-based diagnostic. SCORE also supported studies on morbidity due to schistosomiasis, quantification of vector snails and the detection of schistosome infections in snails, and changes in schistosome population genetics under praziquantel drug pressure. SCORE data and specimens are archived and will remain available for future research. Although much remains to be carried out, our hope is that through the already published articles and SCORE results described in this supplement, we will have provided a body of evidence to assist policy makers in the development of judicious guidelines for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis.

Breve reseña de vida y contribución del médico parasitólogo peruano César Gabriel Náquira Velarde / Brief review about the life and contribution of the peruvian parasitologist Cesar Gabriel Naquira Velarde

RESUMEN Las instituciones científicas y sus logros se construyen a partir de las personas y sus historias. En este caso, el Dr. César Náquira Velarde es una personalidad destacada en la salud pública del Perú, a la que contribuyó hasta días antes de su partida a los 85 años de edad. El Dr. Náquira participó activamente en la fundación del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos desde donde −a través de la investigación y docencia− ha formado médicos y especialistas en el campo de la parasitología y medicina tropical. Sin embargo, su mayor contribución y aporte fue en el estudio de la enfermedad de Chagas. También se desempeñó como funcionario público y decisor, pues fue jefe del Instituto Nacional de Salud y permanente asesor técnico del Ministerio de Salud del Perú, en los temas de su especialidad. Destacamos su rol como maestro para muchas generaciones de médicos y su autoridad como experto en el campo de la parasitología médica.

ABSTRACT Scientific institutions and their achievements are built on people and their stories. In this case, Dr. César Náquira Velarde constitutes a prominent figure in Peru's public health, to which he contributed until days before his departure at 85 years of age. Dr. Náquira actively participated in the founding of the Daniel A. Carrión Institute of Tropical Medicine of the National University of San Marcos from where - through re search and teaching - he has trained doctors and specialists in the field of parasitology and tropical medici ne. However, his greatest contribution was in the study of Chagas disease. He also served as a public official and decision maker, as he was head of the National Institute of Health of Peru and permanent technical advisor of the Ministry of Health of Peru, in the areas of his specialty. We highlight his role as a teacher for many generations of doctors and his authority as an expert in the field of medical parasitology.

A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools

Abstract Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.

The Discovery of Helminth Life Cycles.

The origin of worms, which were occasionally excreted by some individuals, has left humans wondering for centuries. The story of the gradual discovery of the life cycles of the parasitic helminths is a fascinating one, peppered with misconceptions, misguided by dogmas of the church and enlightened by brave men, who did not recant when they were attacked by the opinion leaders of their time. This article will try to pinpoint some of the key discoveries which turned out to be milestones for the elucidation of the secret life of helminths.